Text comes in two versions. First the scholarly version, translated from the editions 1584L3Add, 1584 German3Add, 1584 Latin, 1588 Spanish, 1592 Latin, 1595 Latin, 1601 Latin, 1602 German, 1602 Spanish, 1603 Latin, 1606 English, 1608/1612 Italian, 1609/1612/1641 Spanish and 1609/1612 Latin editions is presented:
31.1. {1584L3Add{GADES {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead{CADIZ}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead}{1606E only{otherwise called CADIZ, CALIZ or CALIS-MALIS}1606E only}{1608/1612I has instead{The Isle of Cadiz}1608/1612I instead}.
31.2. Under the name of Gades, Strabo, Plinius and some other writers comprise two islands. Mela, Solinus, {not in 1606E{Dionysius}not in 1606E}{1608/1612I has instead{Diodorus}1608/1612I instead} and Ptolemæus mention only one, which, together with the city, they call Gadira. They that will have two Gades call one the greater and the other The lesser. This, (as Plinius reports from Philistides, Timæus and Silenus, and Strabo from Pherecides) was named Erythia, and Aphrodisea, {1584G3Add, 1588S, 1592L, 1601L & 1603L only{and they also call it Iunoes Island}1584G3Add, 1588S, 1592L, 1601L & 1603L only}. By its inhabitants it was also properly called Erythia, and Continusa, [and] by the Phnicians {1602G & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Carthagians}1602G & 1609/1612/1641S instead} Gadir. The Romans called it Tartesson, as the same Plinius writes. At this moment there is but one island only, (and that very much diminished by the oceans violent waves), which the Spaniards call Cadiz, and corruptly Caliz, and our countrymen, I do not know on what grounds, Calis-Malis. On the lesser of the two islands mentioned was the town of Gades, and on the greater Iulia Gaditana Augusta, which before [that], as appears from Strabo, was called Neapolis. Now they call both the town and the island Cadiz. It is the seat of a bishop who also has the title of bishop of Algeziras.
31.3. This isle was first discovered and inhabited by certain Phnicians of Tyrus, as is evident from very ancient records. About this isle, some are of the opinion that the Geryones afterwards settled there, who{1584G3Add only{ se children}1584G3Add only} drove away the Ægyptian or Tyrian Hercules by force. At one corner of the island stood the temple of this Hercules, famous for its builders, religion, riches and antiquity. Why it should be holy (says Mela) is sufficiently explained [by the fact that] his bones are buried there. On its other corner Strabo says that the temple of Saturnus was erected.
31.4. In this temple of Hercules, Cæsar found the image of Alexander the Great, as Suetonius in his life [of Cæsar] reports. There was a fountain, very wholesome to drink from, which with a strange kind of contrariety, diminished at high tide, and increased at the ebb tide of the sea. In this temple, (as the same author affirms), there were certain brass pillars of eight cubits {1584G3Add & 1602G have instead{18}1584G3Add & 1602G instead} on which were engraved the costs expended in building it.
31.5. Here also does the same author report from Artemidorus that there is a temple dedicated to Iuno. Dionysius describes as part of it the temple of Age and of Death, and tells about certain altars consecrated to the Year, to the Month, to Art and to Poverty. Hercules' pillars are extant here {not in 1601L{(says Isidorus)}not in 1601L} and here grows a kind of palm tree with gum which turns into precious stone when mixed with the glass of Epyrus {1584L3Add, 1584L, 1584G3Add, 1592L, 1601L, 1602G & 1608/1612I have instead{Ceraunius}1584L3Add, 1584L, 1584G3Add, 1592L, 1601L, 1602G & 1608/1612I instead}. The inhabitants used to be famous for their skill in navigation, and from their ancient [habit] to cross the seas, they do not as yet deviate. But their principal sources of income consist of making salt and catching tuna fish, for which they go out fishing every year. After these fishes have been cut into pieces, salted and barrelled, they are dispersed all over Europe.
31.6. This isle was considered in antiquity to be the world's extreme Western limit, {1592L{on the basis of which Silius Italicus {1602G has instead{the poet Statius}1602G instead} says {not in 1584G3Add, 1588S & 1602G{in his first book. And Gades, the utmost bounds of men, &c. {not in 1602G{Also in his 17th book:
31.7. Gades, lands farthest end, and Calpe, bounding Hercules
And Bætis crystal streams,
That bathe Apollo's steeds}1592L}.
31.8. For here {1606E only{the poets pretend that}1606E only} the sun, being weary of its full day of labour, drenches itself in the ocean and takes a rest, for which fantasized reason Statius also calls it Gades, the sun's soft bed. Yes, at this very time our Dutch mariners call the Westernmost cape of this island (which by its inhabitants is called El cabo de San Sebastian) HET EINDE DER WERELD, that is to say, the Worlds end. This ancient inscription found upon this isle occurs in his Book of Inscriptions, supposedly [taken] from Cyracius Appianus of Ancona. [It goes] as follows:
31.9. HELIODORVS INSANVS CARTHAGENIENSIS AD EXTREMVM ORBIS SARCOPHAGO TESTAMENTO ME HOC IVSSI CONDIER, VT VIDEREM SI ME QVISQVAM INSANIOR AD ME VISENDVM, VSQVE AD HÆC LOCA PENETRARET. {1584G3Add, 1588S, 1602S, 1602G, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S only{thus: I, Heliodorus, {not in 1588S{a mad dog}not in 1588S} from Carthago commanded in my last will that they should bury me in this tomb at the worlds end, to see if anyone more frantic than myself would come so far to visit me}1584G3Add, 1588S, 1602G, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S only}. {1592L{But that this whole inscription is falsified and new is what I learn from Anthonius Augustinus in his eleventh chapter about ancient coins}1592L}. About this island you may read more elaborately in Strabo {1592L{and Philostratus}1592L}. And about the city, read Georg Braun in his volume about cities.
31.10. GVIPVSCOA.
31.11. GVIPUSCOA is a part of that {1606E only{Northern}1606E only} region of Spain that used to be called Cantabria. It borders on the kingdom of Navarra and the Pyrenee mountains, which separate it from France, and it is bounded Westwards by the province of Biscay and {not in 1606E{part of Cantabria}not in 1606E}.
31.12. In Ptolemæus the inhabitants are called Varduli. Now some call it Lipuscoa, others Lepuisca, but corruptly, as Stephan Garibaio, born in this country, writes. Some ancient records of this country not undeservedly call it the wall and fortress of Castilia and Leon. It is a mountainous place, everywhere abounding with iron and steel, which for quantity and quality of this metal is not surpassed by any other region of the world. For this reason, to serve their interests, all the neighbouring countries are abundantly supplied with all kinds of iron tools and instruments. Here they also make warlike armour and artillery, such as great ordnance, harquebuses, callipers, harnesses, swords &c. {not in 1584G3Add, 1588S, 1602G, 1602S, 1606E & 1609/1612/1641S {new objects force me to use new words}not in 1584G3Add, 1588S, 1602G, 1602S, 1606E & 1609/1612/1641S} so good, and so plentiful that people from all nations want to have them and obtain them.
31.13. They themselves are also a very warlike people, so that this region may rightly be called Mars' armoury, and the inhabitants his workmen. Those who dwell on the coasts, spending the largest part of their time at sea, gain for themselves great profit by catching {1606E only{Newfoundland}1606E only} fish called baccalaos and whales, whose fat they melt to obtain great quantities of oil, which when barreled, is dispatched far and wide. Here they also boil salt, {not in 1606E{locally in a place called Salinas,}not in 1606E} mixing it (I do not know for what purpose) with oats and hemp seed.
31.14. The main city is Tholosa, situated at the joining of the rivers Araxis {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Duarzo}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead} and Oria. Others are also of significance, [such] as Placentia, swarming with smiths, Motrico or rather Monte de Trico, so called after the rock Trico which hangs over it. The port of San Sebastian is the largest and most commodious port on the whole coast. Here come people from various nations to trade. At first it was called Hiçuru, then Don Bastia, and corruptly Donastia, which means quite the same as Saint Sebastian. For Don in the Basque tongue means Saint, as [is the case for] Santo in {not in 1606E{Castilian}not in 1606E} Spanish. But by its inhabitants it is commonly called Vrumea. For this region in language differs altogether from the rest of Spain.
31.15. It has many towns called by different names, according to the differences between languages, some of which I thought good to note here for the benefit of those that read histories. The different names of various towns which refer to the same place {1606E only{in Guipuscoa}1606E only} are these that follow:
31.16. Salinas or Gaça, both sounding the same and meaning salt.
31.17. Mondragon or Arrasale.
31.18. Monreal or Dena.
31.19. Aspeitia or Vrasueitia, & Saluatierra de Yraurgui.
31.20. [next column:]Olite or Arriueri.
31.21. Renteria or Villa nueva de Oiarcum.
31.22. Peña Oradada, {not in 1606E{Puerto de St. Adrian}not in 1606E}.
31.23. Elicaur or Licaur.
31.24. [next column:] Marquina or Elgoyuar.
31.25. Azcoytia or Vrazgoitia & Miranda de Yraurgui.
31.26. Araxa, Arayça.
31.27. Also, the hill Aralar is called Arara, and the river Vidoso also Vidorso, and Alduida, also Beoyuia. This river runs between Spain and France. In describing this region Stephano Garibayo is very elaborate in chapter 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of his 15th book. And Florian del Campo writes something about it in the second {1588S has instead{fifth}1588S instead} chapter of his first book. {not in 1584L3Add, 1584G3Add, 1584L, 1588S & 1602G{And Navagierus in his Journal states that there is so much iron and steel dug out of the mountains of Guipuscoa that it brings 80,000 ducats a year in profit. The words of Plinius in his 34th book, and 14th chapter apply to this place (I think). On the coast of Cantabria (he says) which is on the ocean, there is a craggy high mountain, a thing very admirable, wholly consisting of the same material [he means iron]}not in 1584L3Add, 1584G3Add, 1584L, 1588S, & 1602G}.
31.28. {1608/1612I only{The land of}1608/1612I only} CARPETANIA.
31.29. This region {1584G3Add & 1602G have instead{island}1584G3Add & 1602G instead} lies in the very heart of Spain, and Plinius & Livius call it Carpetania. {not in 1592L & 1595L{Its people were known as Carpetani to Strabo, and as Carpitani {not in 1584G3Add & 1602G{with an .i.}not in 1584G3Add & 1602G} to Ptolemæus}not in 1592L & 1595L}. Polybius calls them Carpesios and so does Livius in some place. Their chief city is Toledo. Its description you may read in {not in 1584L3Add, 1584G3Add, 1584L, 1588S & 1602G{Navagierus}not in 1584L3Add, 1584G3Add, 1584L, 1588S & 1602G}, Pedro de Medina, and Georg Braun}. Not all of Carpetania is depicted on this map, but [only] the part from Toledo Eastwards}1584L3Add, 1584G3Add, 1584L, 1588S, 1592L, 1595L & 1602G end here}. {1601L{Concerning Toledo, since I have not read it in any other author, I will add what Roger Hoveden reports in the second book of his Chronicle on England: {not in 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S{He calls it Tulette}not in 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S} and these are his words: In this city there is a hill from which daily more than a thousand camel loads of earth are taken, and yet it never decreases, for however deep a hole you dig, yet the next morning, when rain falls, it will be filled up again. The earth taken out of this hill is transported to the neighbouring provinces and sold to wash men's heads and clothes, Christians as well as pagans. This Roger lived around the year 1200}1601L ends here}.
Now follows the vernacular text version, translated from the 1587F, 1598F and 1598/1610/1613D editions:
31.30. {1587F{GADES.
31.31. Under the name of Gades, Strabo, Plinius and some other writers comprise two islands. Mela, Solinus, Dionysius and Ptolemæus mention only one, which, together with the city, they call Gadira [Cadiz]. {not in 1598/1610/1613D{They that will have two Gades call one the greater and the other the lesser. This, (as Plinius reports from Philistides, Timæus and Silenus, and Strabo from Pherecides) was named Erythia, and Aphrodisea, and they also call it Iunoes Island. By its inhabitants it was also properly called Erythia, and Continusa, [and] by the Carthagians Gadir. The Romans called it Tartesson, as Plinius writes}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. At this moment there is but one island only, and that very much diminished by the oceans violent waves, which the Spaniards call Cadiz, and corruptly Caliz, and our countrymen, I do not know on what grounds, Calis-Malis. On the lesser of the two islands mentioned was a town, and on the greater Iulia Gaditana Augusta, {not in 1598/1610/1613D{which before [that], as appears from Strabo, was called Naples. Now it retains the name of the island, namely Cadiz}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. It is the seat of a bishop who [also] has the title of bishop of Algeziras.
31.32. This isle was {not in 1598/1610/1613D{first discovered and}not in 1598/1610/1613D}inhabited by certain {not in 1598/1610/1613D{Phnicians and}not in 1598/1610/1613D} Tyrians, as is evident from ancient records. {not in 1598/1610/1613D{About this isle, some are of the opinion that}not in 1598/1610/1613D} the Geryones afterwards settled there, who drove away the Ægyptian or Tyrian Hercules {1598/1610/1613D instead{whose oxen Hercules may have abducted from Egypt or from Tyrus}1598/1610/1613D instead}. At one corner of the island stood the temple of this Hercules, famous for its builders, religion, riches and beauty {1598/1610/1613D instead{age}1598/1610/1613D instead}. Why it should be holy (says Mela) is sufficiently explained [by the fact that] his bones are buried there. On its other corner Strabo says that the temple of Saturnus was erected.
31.33. In this temple of Hercules, Cæsar found the image of Alexander the Great, as Suetonius reports. There was a fountain, very wholesome to drink from, which with a strange kind of contrariety, diminished at high tide, and increased at the ebb tide of the sea. In this temple, (as the same author affirms), there were certain brass pillars of twelve {1598/1610/1613D instead{eight}1598/1610/1613D instead} cubits on which were engraved the costs expended in building it.
31.34. Here also does the same author report that there is a temple dedicated to Iuno. {not in 1598/1610/1613D{Dionysius Alexandrinus describes that}not in 1598/1610/1613D} this island also contained the temple of Age and of Death, and tells about certain altars consecrated to the Year, to the Month, to Art and to Poverty. Hercules' pillars are extant here (says Isidorus) and here grows a tree similar to a palm tree with gum which turns into precious stone when mixed with glass {not in 1598/1610/1613D{which the ancients called Ceraunius}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. The inhabitants used to be famous for their skill in navigation, and from their ancient [habit] to cross the seas, they do not as yet deviate. But their principal sources of income consist of making salt and catching tuna fish, for which they go out fishing every year. After these fishes have been cut into pieces, salted and barrelled, they are dispersed all over Europe {1598/1610/1613D instead{Christianity}1598/1610/1613D instead}.
31.35. This isle was considered in antiquity to be the world's extreme Western limit, {1598/1610/1613D only{and therefore Silius calls Gades, the end of humanity, and Gades, the end of the earth for Herculean praise, also enclosing Calpe, and [the river] Bætis, which gently washes the bridles of Phbus' horses with her stream and for here the fables claim that the sun,}1598/1610/1613D only} being weary of its full day of labour, drenches itself in the ocean and takes a rest, {not in 1598/1610/1613D{for which reason Statius also calls it the sun's soft bed}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. At this time our Dutch mariners call the Westernmost cape of this island (which by its inhabitants is called Cape of Saint Sebastian) HET EINDE DER WERELD, that is to say, The Worlds end. {not in 1598/1610/1613D{This ancient inscription found upon this isle in [Cyracius} Appianus of Ancona's Book of Inscriptions. [It goes] as follows:
31.36. HELIODORVS INSANVS CARTHAGENIENSIS AD EXTREMVM ORBIS SARCOPHAGO TESTAMENTO ME HOC IVSSI CONDIER, VT VIDEREM SI ME QVISQVAM INSANIOR AD ME VISENDVM, VSQVE AD HÆC LOCA PENETRARET which means: I, Heliodorus, the enraged one from Carthago commanded in my last will that they should bury me in this tomb at the worlds end, to see if anyone more frantic than myself would come so far to visit me}not in 1598/1610/1613D}.
31.37. GVIPVSCOA.
31.38. GVIPUSCOA is a part of that region of Spain that used to be called Cantabria. It borders on the kingdom of Navarra and the Pyrenee mountains, which separate it from France, and it is bounded Eastwards by {1598/1610/1613D only{a part of Cantabria called}1598/1610/1613D only} the province of Biscay.
31.39. Ptolemæus calls the inhabitants Varduli. Now some call it Lipuscoa, others Lepuisca, but corruptly, as Stephan Garibaio, born in this country, writes. Some ancient records of this country not undeservedly call it the wall and fortress of the kingdoms of Castilia and Leon. It is a mountainous place, everywhere abounding with iron and copper {1598/1610/1613D instead{steel}1598/1610/1613D instead}, which for quantity and quality of this metal is not surpassed by any other region of the world. For this reason all the neighbouring countries are abundantly supplied with all kinds of iron tools and instruments {1598F{bringing great profit}1598F}. Here they also make warlike armour and artillery, such as harquebuses, callipers, harnesses, swords &c. so good and so plentiful that people from all nations want to have them and obtain them.
31.40. They themselves are also a very warlike people, so that this region may rightly be called Mars' armoury, and the inhabitants his workmen. Those who dwell on the coasts, spending the largest part of their time at sea, gain for themselves great profit by catching fish called baccalaos and whales, whose fat they melt to obtain great quantities of oil, which when barreled, is dispatched far and wide {not in 1598/1610/1613D{bringing great profit}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. Here they also boil salt at a place called Salinas, mixing it (I do not know for what purpose) with oats and hemp seed.
31.41. The main city is Tolosa, situated at the joining of the rivers Varzo and Oria. There are others too, [such] as Placentia, swarming with smiths, Motrico or rather Monte de Trico, so called after the rock Trico which hangs over it. The port of San Sebastian is the largest and most commodious port on the whole coast. Here come people from various nations to trade. At first it was called Hiçuru, then Don Bastia, and corruptly Donastia, which means quite the same as Saint Sebastian. For Don in the Cantabrian tongue means what the Castilians call Saint. But by its inhabitants it is commonly called Vrumea.
31.42. {1598/1610/1613D only{Marking that this country has various languages from one province to the other, I will show this here for those studious in history: Salinas, Gaza,/Mondragon, Arrasale,/Monreal, Dena,/Asperia, Vrazneitia, Salvatiera de Tranigui/Olite, Arriveri,/Renteria, Villa neuva de Oiarcum,/Penna Orada, Puerto de S. Aduan,/Elicaui, Licaur,`/Marquina, Elgoguar,/Azcoytia, Vrazgoitia & Miranda/de Yraurgui,/Araxa, Arayça. The mountain Aralatar is also called Arara, and the river Vodoso is also called Vidorso, Alduida and Beoyia. This river separates Spain from France. Navagerius writes in his Itinerary that in this area so much iron and steel is mined that it brings a profit of 80,000 ducats yearly}1598/1610/1613D only}. {not in 1598/1610/1613D{In describing this region Stephano Garibayo is very elaborate. And Florian del Campo writes similarly}not in 1598/1610/1613D}.
31.43. CARPETANIA.
31.44. This region lies in the very heart of Spain {not in 1598/1610/1613D{and is part of the kingdom of Toledo}not in 1598/1610/1613D}. The ancient historiographers and geographers {1598/1610/1613D instead{Plinius and Liuius}1598/1610/1613D instead} called it Carpetania. {1598/1610/1613D only{Strabo mentions some peoples calling them Carpetani and Ptolemæus calls them Carpitani with an i}1598/1610/1613D only}. Its main city is Toledo, which has been described by Pedro de Medina, and Georg Braun {1598/1610/1613D instead{Navagerius}1598/1610/1613D instead}. Not all of Carpetania is depicted on this map, but [only] the part from Toledo Eastwards}1587f, 1598F & 1598/1610/1613 end here}.